Computer Concepts and C Programming with PB 34
If you are looking for a book that can help you learn the fundamentals of computer concepts and C programming, you might want to check out Computer Concepts and C Programming by P.B. Kotur. This book is designed to help the engineering students of all Indian universities and it is written as per the new syllabus of the Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum, India.
computer concepts and c programming p b 34
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C is a structured programming language that is popular and powerful. It is standardized and portable across multiple operating systems. C is used for developing system software such as device drivers, compilers, parts of operating systems, interpreters for languages like Java, Prolog, etc. C is also a good language to learn the basics of programming logic and syntax.
In this book, you will learn about the following topics:
Introduction to computers and their organization
Operating systems and internet basics
Structure of C and its operators
Control statements and loops
Arrays and strings
Input and output functions
User-defined functions and recursion
Structures and unions
Pointers and dynamic memory allocation
File handling and data structures
Parallel computing with OpenMP
The book provides more than 100 example programs that illustrate C's features and concepts. All these programs are executed and tested on Borland C++ compiler and with the vi editor on UNIX. The book also contains 150 multiple choice questions to test your knowledge of C language. The book also explains some new concepts like grid computers, storage area network, Bluetooth, etc.
Control Statements and Loops
Control statements are used to alter the flow of execution of a program based on certain conditions or choices. C provides three types of control statements: selection statements, iteration statements and jump statements.
Selection statements are used to execute a block of code if a condition is true or false. C provides two types of selection statements: if-else and switch-case. The if-else statement evaluates a condition and executes one block of code if the condition is true and another block of code if the condition is false. The switch-case statement evaluates an expression and executes one of the several blocks of code based on the value of the expression.
Iteration statements are used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a condition is met. C provides three types of iteration statements: for, while and do-while. The for statement executes a block of code for a specified number of times by initializing, testing and updating a loop variable. The while statement executes a block of code while a condition is true. The do-while statement executes a block of code at least once and then repeats it while a condition is true.
Jump statements are used to transfer the control of execution to another part of the program. C provides four types of jump statements: break, continue, goto and return. The break statement terminates the execution of the current loop or switch-case statement. The continue statement skips the remaining statements in the current iteration of the loop and starts the next iteration. The goto statement transfers the control to a labeled statement in the same function. The return statement terminates the execution of the current function and returns a value to the calling function.
Arrays and Strings
Arrays are data structures that store multiple values of the same data type in a contiguous memory location. Arrays can be one-dimensional or multidimensional depending on the number of indices or subscripts used to access the elements. Arrays are declared by specifying the data type, name and size of the array in square brackets. Arrays are initialized by assigning values to each element in curly braces.
Strings are sequences of characters that are terminated by a null character (\\0). Strings are stored as arrays of characters in C. Strings can be declared by using char data type followed by the name and size of the string in square brackets. Strings can be initialized by assigning a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes to the string name.
Arrays and strings can be manipulated using various functions and operators in C. Some common functions for arrays are: scanf(), printf(), sizeof(), etc. Some common functions for strings are: strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strlen(), etc.
Input and Output Functions
Input and output functions are used to communicate with the user or other devices by reading or writing data. C provides various functions for input and output operations such as scanf(), printf(), getchar(), putchar(), gets(), puts(), fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite(), etc.
The scanf() function is used to read formatted data from the standard input device (usually the keyboard). It takes a format string that specifies the type and number of data items to be read and a list of variables where the data will be stored. The format string can contain conversion specifiers such as %d, %f, %c, %s, etc. that indicate the type of data to be read.
The printf() function is used to write formatted data to the standard output device (usually the screen). It takes a format string that specifies the type and number of data items to be written and a list of expressions that provide the data values. The format string can contain conversion specifiers such as %d, %f, %c, %s, etc. that indicate the type of data to be written.
The getchar() function is used to read a single character from the standard input device. It returns the character read or EOF (end-of-file) if no more characters are available. The putchar() function is used to write a single character to the standard output device. It takes a character as an argument and returns the same character or EOF if an error occurs.
The gets() function is used to read a string of characters from the standard input device until a newline character (\\n) or EOF is encountered. It takes a pointer to a character array where the string will be stored. The puts() function is used to write a string of characters to the standard output device followed by a newline character (\\n). It takes a pointer to a character array that contains the string.
The fopen() function is used to open a file for input or output operations. It takes two arguments: a file name and a mode that specifies how the file will be accessed. The mode can be \"r\" for reading, \"w\" for writing, \"a\" for appending, \"r+\" for reading and writing, \"w+\" for writing and reading, \"a+\" for appending and reading, etc. The function returns a pointer to a file structure that contains information about the file or NULL if an error occurs.
The fclose() function is used to close a file that was opened by fopen(). It takes a pointer to a file structure as an argument and returns zero if successful or EOF if an error occurs.
The fread() function is used to read binary data from a file. It takes four arguments: a pointer to a memory location where the data will be stored, the size of each data item in bytes, the number of data items to be read, and a pointer to a file structure that identifies the file. The function returns the number of data items successfully read or zero if an error or EOF occurs.
The fwrite() function is used to write binary data to a file. It takes four arguments: a pointer to a memory location that contains the data, the size of each data item in bytes, the number of data items to be written, and a pointer to a file structure that identifies the file. The function returns the number of data items successfully written or zero if an error occurs.
User-Defined Functions and Recursion
User-defined functions are functions that are created by the programmer to perform specific tasks. User-defined functions can be used to modularize the program, avoid repetition of code, improve readability and maintainability of the code, and facilitate debugging and testing of the code.
User-defined functions are declared by specifying the return type, name and parameters of the function. The return type indicates the type of value that the function returns to the calling function. The name is an identifier that is used to invoke the function. The parameters are variables that are used to pass data to the function. The function definition consists of the function declaration followed by a block of statements that define the function body.
User-defined functions can be classified into two types: value-returning functions and void functions. Value-returning functions return a value to the calling function using the return statement. Void functions do not return any value to the calling function. They are used to perform some actions without producing any output.
Recursion is a technique of defining a function in terms of itself. A recursive function is a function that calls itself directly or indirectly until a base case or terminating condition is reached. Recursion can be used to solve problems that have a recursive structure such as factorial, Fibonacci series, towers of Hanoi, etc.
Recursion has some advantages and disadvantages over iteration. Recursion can make the code simpler and easier to understand for some problems. Recursion can also reduce the time complexity of some algorithms by dividing the problem into smaller subproblems. However, recursion can also increase the space complexity of the program by using more memory for storing the function calls and parameters. Recursion can also cause stack overflow if the recursive calls are too deep or infinite.
Structures and Unions
Structures and unions are user-defined data types that allow grouping different types of data under a single name. Structures and unions are useful for representing complex data such as records, dates, coordinates, etc.
Structures are declared by using the keyword struct followed by the name and members of the structure. The members are variables that belong to different data types. Structures are initialized by assigning values to each member in curly braces.
Unions are declared by using the keyword union followed by the name and members of the union. The members are variables that belong to different data types. Unions are initialized by assigning values to one member at a time.
The main difference between structures and unions is that structures allocate separate memory locations for each member, whereas unions allocate a single memory location for all members. Therefore, structures can store values for all members at the same time, whereas unions can store values for only one member at a time.
Structures and unions can be manipulated using various operators and functions in C. Some common operators for structures and unions are: . (dot) operator, -> (arrow) operator, sizeof operator, etc. Some common functions for structures and unions are: scanf(), printf(), strcpy(), strcmp(), etc.
Conclusion
In this article, we have covered the basics of computer concepts and C programming. We have learned about the different types of computers, operating systems, internet, and C language. We have also learned how to write and execute C programs using various features and concepts such as variables, operators, control statements, loops, arrays, strings, functions, recursion, structures, unions, etc. We have also seen some examples of C programs that illustrate these concepts.
C is a powerful and versatile programming language that can be used for developing system software as well as applications. C is also a good language to learn the fundamentals of programming logic and syntax. C can help us to understand the working of computers and solve various problems using algorithms and data structures.
We hope that this article has helped you to gain some knowledge and skills in computer concepts and C programming. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the book \"Computer Concepts and C Programming\" by P.B. Kotur or \"Computer Basics and C Programming\" by V. Rajaraman. You can also practice more C programs using online compilers or editors such as https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c_compiler or https://replit.com/languages/c. d282676c82
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